์ˆ˜์—…/2021-2

Ch9. The economics of professional sports

์ฑ„๋ฏœ 2021. 11. 4.
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๋ฐ˜์‘ํ˜•

๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ 

  • ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ „๋ฌธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํ”„๋ Œ์ฐจ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„
  • ์ „๋ฌธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํŒ€์ด ๋น„์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๋‹ดํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์œค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
  • ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ monopsony power๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š”์ง€

 

The professional sports business

๊ตฌ์กฐ

์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ํŒ€, ์ „๋ฌธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์†Œ์†, ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ”„๋žœ์ฐจ์ด์ฆˆ

ํŒ€๊ณผ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค

  • average goal ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค
  • ์—ฐ๋ด‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ: NBA ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์›”๊ธ‰์ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค
  • ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ: ํ˜ธ๋‚ ๋‘ ๋งจ์œ ๋กœ ์ด์ 

 

The product market

ํŒ€๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ: ์ „๋ฌธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ดํ•ฉ(cartels)

Baseball's antitrust exemption (MLB ๋…์  ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๋ฉด์ œ):  1922๋…„ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์ด ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด "์ฃผ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜"๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๊ณต๋ชจ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์…”๋จผ ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๋ฉด์ œ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํŒ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒƒ

 

์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ Cartels์˜ ํŠน์ง•: ์˜ˆ์‹œ) OPEC

  • ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ output์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค: ์ค‘๋™ ์„์œ 
  • ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋™์ข…์˜ output์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค: ์„์œ 
  • Cartel must be able to divide market into territories controlled by each member and to establish production quotas: ์ค‘๋™๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋ฆฌ territory ๋‚˜๋ˆ”
  • Cartel must be able to prevent cheating by members: ์นด๋ฅดํ…”์€ ํšŒ์›์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค

 

ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ํ™œ๋™

Revenue sharing

์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ดํ•ฉ์—์„œ ํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ณต์œ ์— ๋™์˜.

์˜ˆ์‹œ) nba์˜ 30๊ฐœํŒ€

Joint marketing

 

Pricing and output for cartel

ํŒ€๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์œ„์น˜

Baseball's attempt to close "small market" teams

 

Incentive to relocate teams

 

The stadium controversy

  • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฒ ์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต ์ž๊ธˆ์กฐ๋‹ฌ(finanting)
  • ๊ณต๊ณต ์ž๊ธˆ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ •๋‹นํ™”
    • ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ด๋จผํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ >> jobs and tax revenue
    • evidence on impact of sports franchises
    •  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํ•™๊ต์ง“๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋” ์ด๋“์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•จ

 

The employment of players: how to hire players

  • ๋งค๋…„ ์ƒˆ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ
  • ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…์  ๊ถŒํ•œ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค
  • No 'tempering' rules

*Tempering means giving bribes to pick the best player.

Monopsony(๋…์ ): monopoly demand

  • ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ
  • ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ๋œ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ immobility, ๊ณ ๋„์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ ์Šคํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— monopsonies

 

wages and employment determination for a Monopsonist

  • As the single employer of labor, the monopsony faces the market supply of labor curve S
  • The marginal cost of labor curve MCL reflects the addition to costs the firm experiences by hiring an additional worker.
  • The monopsonist will hire workers up to the point where MCL == MRP
  • In this case, the firm will hire four workers at a wage of $600,000

Free agency: a player whose contract is no longer held exclusively by one professional sports club

Reserve clause : In the US professional sports, the reserve clause was part of a player contract which stated that the rights of players were retained by the team upon the contract's expiration.

Players under these contracts were not free to enter into another contract with another team

In other words, if the reserve clause is on the contract, even if he becomes  a free agent, he cannot chage jobs until the team allows it.

 

Limited reserve clause and free agency

 

Means MLB Salaries since free market

MLB ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๋ด‰์€ free agency ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

 

Labor dispute

  • labor unions : ๋…ธ์กฐ
  • Strikes and lockouts : ํŒŒ์—…, ํ์‡„

* lockouts: close office or factory by the employer. This is to prevent the employes from going to work until the employer agree to certain conditions.

  • Salary caps : ํŒ€ ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค : limit to the total amount of money that NBA teams are allowed to pay their players. 2019~2020 the cap is $109,140,000
  • Revenue sharing

 

์ „๋ฌธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋ด‰๋งŒํผ ๋ฒŒ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜?

์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํŒ€ ์ด์œค์— ๊ณตํ—Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? fans and willingness to pay

๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ์—ฐ๋ด‰์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? no, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์Šคํƒ€๋ณด๋‹ค businessman์ด ๋˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ 

 

๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ 

๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค: bans on "recreational" drugs, "performance enhancing" drugs

๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ธˆ์ง€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฒ•: ์—ฐ๋ด‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ

 

*recreational drugs : cannabis, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine prescription drugs

์˜ˆ์ƒ ์ด์ต > ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๋น„์šฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ํด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ  "performance enhancing" drugs์‚ฌ์šฉ >>์—ฐ๋ด‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ

 

์ „๋ฌธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ

MLS : single entry league

The average annual salary for an MLS player was only about $186,000 in 2014. That same year,  the median salary in MLS was less than half the average- only $80,000

Thus, MLS is a monopsony, but it shows that if a company owns the entire teams, the salaries of players can be lowered. 

WNBA, like MLS, has lowered the salary of players by owing the entire teams.

 

 

<๊ต๊ณผ์„œ> 

marginal cost of labor: ์ƒˆ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋…ธ๋™ ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”

monopsonistic profit: ๋…์  ๊ธฐ์—…์— ์ง์›์ด ๊ณตํ—Œํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์–ป์€ ์ด๋“ - wage

 

 

 

 

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